ABSTRACT Explaining where plants originated and how plants migrated between eastern Asia and other Northern Hemisphere regions is still challenging. The genus Arisaema is considered a good example to illuminate this process, due to its wide distribution in both the tropical and temperate zones. Based on comprehensive taxon sampling, the historical biogeography of Arisaema was conducted using the molecular data from four chloroplast DNA regions. The phylogeny of Arisaema was studied by using ML and BI methods. Divergence times of Arisaema species were estimated by the uncorrelated lognormal Bayesian method. The ancestral area reconstruction of Arisaema was performed with BioGeoBEARS and Bayes-DIVA. Our results indicated that the crown group of Arisaema originated in Southeast Asia ca. 31.28 Ma. After the initial origin, Arisaema was inferred to have become widespread in Southeast Asia. Members in Himalayas, Africa and North China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula region (NJK region) were derived from migrants originating in Southeast Asia. American members were derived from migrants originating in the NJK region. Arisaema originated in Southeast Asia during the Oligocene with the development of tropical rainforest and a warm, moist climate. During the Oligocene to Miocene, Southeast Asia was the original center for the diversification of Arisaema in the NJK region.

Abstract Mexico possesses at least 59 taxa of Anthurium, 49 species and 10 infraspecific taxa, 32 of which are found in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. During fieldwork conducted in 2019 in Sierra de Juarez, northern Oaxaca, we discovered a previously undescribed species of Anthurium sect. Andiphilum (Schott) Croat. The new species, Anthurium perezfarrerae Díaz Jim. & Croat, is described taxonomically and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to Anthurium andicola Liebm. that is distributed in the same area, but this species differs in having a shorter geniculum, fewer primary lateral veins per side, tertiary vein prominolous above, and a shorter spadix.

Resumen México posee al menos 59 taxones de Anthurium, 49 especies y 10 taxones infraespecíficos, 32 de los cuales se encuentran en el estado de Oaxaca, México. Durante trabajo de campo realizado en 2019 en la sierra de Juárez, norte de Oaxaca, descubrimos una especie de Anthurium perteneciente a la sección Andiphilum (Schott) Croat, no descrita anteriormente. La nueva especie, Anthurium perezfarrerae Díaz Jim. et Croat, es descrita taxonómicamente e ilustrada. Es morfológicamente similar a Anthurium andicola Liebm., que se distribuye en la misma área, pero esta especie difiere en tener el genículo más corto, menos venas laterales primarias por lado, venas terciarias prominentes en el haz y el espádice más corto.

AbstractThree new species are described for Colombia, Anthurium combeimense, A. oyuelae and A. sanjorgense. The species are endemic to the valley of the Río Combeima in the municipality of Ibagué in Tolima Department. One species is a member of sectionPachyneurium, series Pachyneurium, characterized by rosulate leaves, short internodes and dense roots. Two species are members of sect. Calomystrium characterized by their long-petiolate leaves, persistent intact cataphylls and ovate-sagittate leaf blades.

ResumenTres nuevas especies son descritas para Colombia, Anthurium combeimense, A. oyuelae y A. sanjorgense, plantas endémicas de la región del cañón del río Combeima en el municipio de Ibagué del departamento del Tolima. Una especies es un miembro de la secciónPachyneurium, series Pachyneuriumcaracterizado por sus hojas en forma de roseta, internados cortos y raíces compacto. Dos especies son miembros de sect.Calomystrium caracterizado por sus catafilos intactos y hojas ovato-sagitata.

We studied the floristic diversity of Araceae in the state of Tabasco, Mexico. We found 44 native taxa (30 species and 14 infraspecific taxa) in nine genera, corresponding to 40% of the 110 species recorded for Mexico. Nine species are recorded for the first time for Tabasco, and seven are endemic to Mexico. The largest genera were Philodendron (17 species), and Anthurium (11), which together accounted for 63.6% of the species. The hemi- and holoepiphytic aroids represented the 75% of all species. Anthurium schlechtendalii subsp. schlechtendalii, Philodendron radiatum var. radiatum, Syngonium angustatum and Syngonium podophyllum var. podophyllum were widely distributed in different vegetation types of Tabasco. Anthurium pedatoradiatum subsp. helleborifolium was found growing until 720 m, which is a relatively higher elevation compared to the altitudinal range of this species reported for the Neotropics. Monstera tuberculata var. tuberculata is the only species in our study listed in NOM059-SEMARNAT-2010 as threatened in Mexico. The high number of new aroid records reported in this study demonstrates the importance of herbarium revisions, which allowed to correct many misidentified species recorded in different floristic studies, and the need of further intensive exploration in the field, particularly in vegetation types where the family is well represented, such as the tropical rain forest and semievergreen forest of Tabasco, where 59% of the species were found.

Se estudió la diversidad florística de la familia Araceae en el estado de Tabasco, México. Se encontraron un total de 44 taxa nativos (30 especies y 14 taxa infraespecíficos) en nueve géneros, que corresponden al 40% de las 110 especies registradas para México. Nueve especies son nuevos registros para el estado y siete son endémicas de México. Los géneros con mayor número de especies fueron Philodendron (17 especies) y Anthurium (11), los cuales comprendieron el 63.6% del total. El 75% de las especies fueron hemi- y holoepífitas. Anthurium schlechtendalii subsp. schlechtendalii, Philodendron radiatum var. radiatum, Syngonium angustatum y S. podophyllum var. podophyllum se encontraron ampliamente distribuidas en los diversos tipos de vegetación de Tabasco. Anthurium pedatoradiatum subsp. helleborifolium se encontró en elevaciones de hasta 720 m, elevación relativamente mayor en comparación con el intervalo altitudinal de esta especie reportada para el Neotrópico. Monstera tuberculata var. tuberculata es la única especie del estudio enlistada en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 como especie amenazada para México. El alto número de nuevos registros de Araceae reportado en este estudio, demuestra la importancia de la revisión de herbarios, misma que permitió corregir numerosas especies erróneamente identificadas y registradas en diferentes trabajos florísticos, así como la necesidad de intensificar exploraciones en campo, particularmente en los tipos de vegetación donde la familia se encontró mejor representada, tales como la selva alta perennifolia y selva mediana subperennifolia, en donde se registró el 59% de las especies.

Anthurium coicoyanense Croat & de Ávila is described as new from a heretofore poorly collected area in Oaxaca State in Mexico. The species is a member of an as yet unpublished section of the genus that comprises a total of thirteen Mexican species. That section will be proposed formally in an upcoming paper by Croat and Monica Carlsen from the Missouri Botanical Garden.

Se describe a Anthurium coicoyanense Croat & de Ávila como una especie nueva proveniente de una área pobremente explorada en el estado de Oaxaca en México. El taxon nuevo es miembro de una sección hasta ahora inédita del género que comprende trece especies mexicanas en total. Dicha sección será propuesta de manera formal en una publicación que preparan actualmente Croat y Mónica Carlsen del Jardín Botánico de Missouri.

Monstera florescanoana (Araceae), a new species in section Monstera, endemic to central Veracruz, Mexico, is described and illustrated. This species appears to be most closely related to Monstera siltepecana Matuda and Monstera dubia (Kunth) Engl. et K. Krause.

Se describe e ilustra Monstera florescanoana (Araceae), una nueva especie de la sección Monstera, endémica de la región central del estado de Veracruz, México. Esta especie parece estar más cercanamente relacionada a los taxones Monstera siltepecana Matuda y Monstera dubia (Kunth) Engl. et K. Krause.

RESUMO O presente trabalho apresenta uma nova espécie de Monstera nativa da Guiana Francesa, M. barrieri Croat, Moonen & Poncy. A espécie é caracterizada por apresentar lâmina profundamente lobada, tornando-se negra quando seca e eixo da espádice vermelho-vináceo a alaranjado.

ABSTRACT A new species of Monstera, M. barrieri Croat, Moonen & Poncy, is described from French Guiana. The species is characterized by its deeply pinnately lobed, black-drying blades and the wine-red to orange spadix axis.

RESUMO Neste trabalho são descritas cinco novas espécies para o Peru: Anthurium chinchipense Croat & Lingán, A. hamiltonii Croat & Lingán, A. magdae Croat & Lingán, A. mariae Croat & Lingán e A. piurensis Croat & Lingán.

ABSTRACT Five new species of Anthurium are described from Peru: Anthurium chinchipense Croat & Lingán, A. hamiltonii Croat & Lingán, A. magdae Croat & Lingán, A. mariae Croat & Lingán, and A. piurensis Croat & Lingán.

RESUMO Durante a elaboração da flora de Araceae do rio Cenepa e áreas adjacentes, Amazonas, Peru, várias novas espécies foram encontradas e são aqui descritas. São elas: Anthurium apanui Croat, A. atamainii Croat, A. baguense Croat, A. brent-berlinii Croat, A. ceronii Croat, A. chinimense Croat, A. diazii Croat, A. galileanum Croat, A. huampamiense Croat, A. huashikatii Croat, A. kayapii Croat, A. kugkumasii Croat, A. kusuense Croat, A. leveauii Croat, A. lingulare Croat, A. mostaceroi Croat, A. penae Croat, A. quipuscoae Croat, A. rojasiae Croat, A. shinumas Croat, A. tsamajainii Croat, A. tunquii Croat, A. yamayakatense Croat, Dieffenbachia wurdackii Croat, Monstera aureopinnata Croat, M. cenepensis Croat, M. vasquezii Croat, Philodendron ampamii Croat, P. ancuashii Croat, P. barbourii Croat, P. brent-berlinii Croat, P. condorcanquense Croat, P. avenium Croat, P. huashikatii Croat, P. palaciosii Croat, P. reticulatum Croat, P. swartiae Croat, Rhodospatha acosta-solisii Croat, R. brent-berlinii Croat, R. katipas Croat, R. piushaduka Croat, Spathiphyllum barbourii Croat, S. brent-berlinii Croat, S. buntingianum Croat, S. diazii Croat, Stenospermation ancuashii Croat, S. parvum Croat & A. P. Gómez, Xanthosoma baguense Croat.

ABSTRACT New species from the Department of Amazonas in Peru are described as new in preparation for the treatment of the Araceae for the Flora del Cenepa y Areas Adyacentes Amazonas Peru. New species include: Anthurium apanui Croat, A. atamainii Croat, A. baguense Croat, A. brent-berlinii Croat, A. ceronii Croat, A. chinimense Croat, A. diazii Croat, A. galileanum Croat, A. huampamiense Croat, A. huashikatii Croat, A. kayapii Croat, A. kugkumasii Croat, A. kusuense Croat, A. leveauii Croat, A. lingulare Croat, A. mostaceroi Croat, A. penae Croat, A. quipuscoae Croat, A. rojasiae Croat, A. shinumas Croat, A. tsamajainii Croat, A. tunquii Croat, A. yamayakatense Croat, Dieffenbachia wurdackii Croat, Monstera aureopinnata Croat, M. cenepensis Croat, M. vasquezii Croat, Philodendron ampamii Croat, P. ancuashii Croat, P. barbourii Croat, P. brent-berlinii Croat, P. condorcanquense Croat, P. avenium Croat, P. huashikatii Croat, P. palaciosii Croat, P. reticulatum Croat, P. swartiae Croat, Rhodospatha acosta-solisii Croat, R. brent-berlinii Croat, R. katipas Croat, R. piushaduka Croat, Spathiphyllum barbourii Croat, S. brent-berlinii Croat, S. buntingianum Croat, S. diazii Croat, Stenospermation ancuashii Croat, S. parvum Croat & A. P. Gómez, Xanthosoma baguense Croat.

RESUMO É apresentada uma revisão de seis espécies estreitamente relacionadas da bacia amazônica na Colômbia, Equador e Peru, sendo quatro espécies novas: Anthurium ceronii Croat, A. payaminoense Croat & Lingán, A. sydneyi Croat & Lingán e A. whitmorei Croat & Lingán. Duas espécies, A. decurrens Poeppig e A. longispadiceum K. Krause, são novamente descritas porque foram, até recentemente, totalmente desconhecidas ou confundidas com outros taxa. As espécies são membros de uma seção nova, Decurrentia, descrita aqui pela primeira vez. Todos os membros da seção Decurrentia têm em comum internós curtos, alongados, lâminas da folha sem pontuações e pedúnculos que tendem a ser fraca ou proeminente rígidos ou alados. Além disso, várias espécies têm bagas precocemente emergentes e alongadas. Todas as espécies tratadas aqui ocorrem na planície amazônica e têm sido confundidas umas com as outras por botânicos durante muito tempo.

ABSTRACT A revision of 6 closely related species from the Amazon basin in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru is presented, and 4 new species of Anthurium are published as new: Anthurium ceronii Croat, A. payaminoense Croat & Lingán, A. sydneyi Croat & Lingán and A. whitmorei Croat & Lingán. Two species, A. decurrens Poeppig and A. longispadiceum K. Krause are redescribed because they have been, until recently, totally unknown or misrepresented by other taxa. The species are all members of a new section named Decurrentia, newly named here for the first time. All members of section Decurrentia have in common short internodes, elongated, epunctate leaf blades, and peduncles tending to be weakly or prominently ridged or winged. In addition, several of the species have early-emergent, elongated berries. All species treated here occur in the lowlands of Amazonia and have been confused with one another by botanists for a long time.